Compositions comprising zopiclone derivatives and methods of making and using the same

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed to racemic and stereomerically pure compounds of Formula 3:  
                 
and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, methods of their use, and methods of their preparation.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/420,740, filed Oct. 24, 2002, the entirety of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

1FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to derivatives of zopiclone, pharmaceuticalcompositions and dosage forms comprising the same, and methods of makingand using the same.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Zopiclone, chemically named(±)-6-(5-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-6,7-dihydro-7-oxo-5H-pyrrolo-[3,4b]pyrazin-5-yl-4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate,is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic which has the following structure:

Zopiclone and some of its uses are described by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,862,149and 4,220,646. Uses of the optically pure (+) and (−) enantiomers of thedrug (i.e., (+)-zopiclone and (−)-zopiclone) are described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,786,357 and WO 93/10788, respectively.

Zopiclone reportedly binds at or near benzodiazepine sites on GABA Amacromolecular receptor complexes. Goa, K. L. and Heel, R. C. Drugs,32:48-65 (1986). These complexes are located both within the centralnervous system and peripherally (e.g., in the endocrine system), andcontain binding sites for benzodiazepines and GABA. Verma, A. andSnyder, S. H., Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29:307-22 (1989). GABAreceptor complexes are further associated with, and interact with,membrane channels for chloride ion transport. Upon binding to abenzodiazepine site, zopiclone is believed to allosterically modulatethe activity of the complex by increasing transmembrane conductance ofchloride ions. This stabilizes neuronal membrane potentials and dampensexcitatory input. See Meldrum, B. S., Brit. J. Clin. Pharm. 27(suppl.1):S3-S11 (1989); Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics, Hardman, J. G., et al., eds. p. 365 (9^(th) ed., 1996).

The metabolism of zopiclone is rapid, complex, and differs amongspecies. Gaillot, J., et al., Pharmacology 27(supp.2): 76-91 (1983). Ofthe more than ten metabolites of the compound that have been identified,however, only two reportedly exhibit pharmacological activity in humans:N-desmethylzopiclone and zopiclone-N-oxide. See Goa, K. L. and Heel, R.C. Drugs, 32:48-65 (1986) (“Goa”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,086. Otherzopiclone metabolites are reportedly inactive. Goa, FIG. 3, page 59.

Although chemically unrelated to the benzodiazepines, zopiclone exhibitspharmacological activity similar to benzodiazepines. Goa. For example,zopiclone and its optically pure enantiomers are reportedly useful inthe treatment of diseases and conditions including, but not limited to,epilepsy, anxiety, aggressive behavior, muscle tension, behavioraldisorders, depression, schizophrenia, and endocrine disorders. See, e.g.WO 93/10787. Racemic zopiclone has also been used to improve sleep inadults and geriatric patients with several types of sleep disordersincluding situational, transient primary and secondary insomnia See,e.g., Brun, J. P., Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 29: 831-832 (1988).

Some compounds which bind to benzodiazepine sites also have an affinityfor muscarinic receptors such as acetylcholine receptors. Julou, L., etal., Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 23:653-659 (1985). Consequently,administration of such compounds can result in adverse effects such as,but are not limited to, drymouth, thirst, slowing and acceleration ofthe heart, dilated pupils, blurred vision, restlessness, fatigue,headache, hallucinations and delirium. Goodman & Gilman's ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Hardman, J. G., et al., eds. p.142 (9^(th) ed., 1996). Many of these same adverse effects are exhibitedby racemic zopiclone. Particular adverse effects exhibited by theracemic zopiclone include, but are not limited to, the development of abitter taste due to salivary secretion of the drug, dry mouth, heartpalpitations, drowsiness, morning tiredness, headache, dizziness,impairment of psychomotor skills and related effects. Compounds aretherefore desired that can be used for the treatment or prevention ofvarious disorders, but which have reduced, fewer, or different adverseeffects than racemic zopiclone.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed, in part, to racemic and stereomerically purederivatives of zopiclone and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs,salts, solvates, hydrates, and clathrates thereof. Preferred derivativesare stereomerically pure. The invention is also directed to compositionscomprising racemic and stereomerically pure derivatives of zopiclone andpharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, salts, solvates, hydrates, andclathrates thereof. Preferred compositions are pharmaceuticalcompositions (e.g. single unit dosage forms) suitable for administrationto patients (e.g., mammals, preferably humans).

The invention is also directed to methods of treating and preventing avariety of diseases and disorders which comprise the administration to apatient in need of such treatment or prevention of a therapeutically orprophylactically effective amount of a racemic and stereomerically purederivative of zopiclone. Specific methods of the invention furthercomprise the administration of a second pharmacologically activecompound to the patient.

The invention further encompasses methods of preparing racemic andstereomerically pure derivatives of zopiclone.

3.1 Definitions

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “prodrug” meansa derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwisereact under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide thecompound. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to,compounds that comprise biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzableamides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates,biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzablephosphate analogues. Other examples of prodrugs include compounds thatcomprise —NO, —NO₂, —ONO, or —ONO₂ moieties. The term “prodrug” isaccorded a meaning herein such that prodrugs of zopiclone derivatives donot encompass zopiclone, zopiclone-N-oxide, or N-desmethylzopiclone.When used to describe a compound of the invention, the term “prodrug”may also to be interpreted to exclude other compounds of the invention.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the terms“biohydrolyzable carbamate,” “biohydrolyzable carbonate,”“biohydrolyzable ureide” and “biohydrolyzable phosphate” mean acarbamate, carbonate, ureide and phosphate, respectively, of a compoundthat either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of thecompound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties invivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) isbiologically inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologicallyactive compound. Examples of biohydrolyzable carbamates include, but arenot limited to, lower alkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines,aminoacids, hydroxyalkylamines, heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines,and polyether amines.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term“biohydrolyzable ester” means an ester of a compound that either: 1)does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but canconfer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such asuptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologicallyinactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.Examples of biohydrolyzable esters include, but are not limited to,lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters,and choline esters.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term“biohydrolyzable amide” means an amide of a compound that either: 1)does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but canconfer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such asuptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologicallyinactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.Examples of biohydrolyzable amides include, but are not limited to,lower alkyl amides, α-amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, andalkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “alkyl”includes saturated monovalent linear, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbonradicals. An alkyl group can include one or more double or triple bonds.It is understood that cyclic alkyl groups comprise at least three carbonatoms.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “lower alkyl”means branched or linear alkyl having from 1 to 6, more preferably from1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to, methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, and tertiary butyl.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “aryl” includesan organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal ofone hydrogen, such as phenyl or naphthyl.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “aralkyl” meansan aryl substituted with one or linear, branched, or cyclic alkylgroups. Aralkyl moieties can be attached to other moieties through theiraryl or alkyl components.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “substituted”as used to describe a compound or chemical moiety means that at leastone hydrogen atom of that compound or chemical moiety is replace with asecond chemical moiety. Examples of second chemical moieties include,but are not limited to: halogen atoms (e.g., chlorine, bromine, andiodine); C₁-C₆ linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl,butyl, and tert-butyl); hydroxyl; thiols; carboxylic acids; and primary,secondary or tertiary amines (e.g., —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, and cyclicamines). Preferred second chemical moieties are chlorine, hydroxyl,amine, thiol, and carboxylic acid.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, a composition that is“substantially free” of a compound means that the composition containsless than about 20% by weight, more preferably less than about 10% byweight, even more preferably less than about 5% by weight, and mostpreferably less than about 3% by weight of the compound.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term“stereomerically pure” means a composition that comprises onestereoisomer of a compound and is substantially free of otherstereoisomers of that compound. For example, a stereomerically purecomposition of a compound having one chiral center will be substantiallyfree of the opposite enantiomer of the compound. A stereomerically purecomposition of a compound having two chiral centers will besubstantially free of other diastereomers of the compound. A typicalstereomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80% by weightof one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 20% by weight ofother stereoisomers of the compound, more preferably greater than about90% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about10% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, even morepreferably greater than about 95% by weight of one stereoisomer of thecompound and less than about 5% by weight of the other stereoisomers ofthe compound, and most preferably greater than about 97% by weight ofone stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 3% by weight of theother stereoisomers of the compound.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term“enantiomerically pure” means a stereomerically pure composition of acompound having one chiral center.

It should be noted that if there is a discrepancy between a depictedstructure and a name given that structure, the depicted structure is tobe accorded more weight. In addition, if the stereochemistry of astructure or a portion of a structure is not indicated with, forexample, bold or dashed lines, the structure or portion of the structureis to be interpreted as encompassing all stereoisomers of it.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers tosalts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids,including inorganic acids and organic acids. Suitable non-toxic acidsinclude inorganic and organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic,alginic, anthranilic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric,ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, furoic, gluconic, glutamic, glucorenic,galacturonic, glycidic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic,maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic,pantothenic, phenylacetic, propionic, phosphoric, salicylic, stearic,succinic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tartaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic and thelike. Particularly preferred are hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric,and sulfuric acids, and most particularly preferred is the hydrochloridesalt.

As used herein, the term “hydrate” means a compound of the presentinvention or a salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric ornon-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecularforces.

As used herein, the term “clathrate” means a compound of the presentinvention or a salt thereof in the form of a crystal lattice thatcontains spaces (e.g., channels) that have a guest molecule (e.g., asolvent or water) trapped within.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “treat,”“treating” and “treatment” refer to the eradication or amelioration ofthe disease or one or more symptoms associated with the disease. Incertain embodiments, the terms refer to minimizing the spread orworsening of the disease resulting from the administration of one ormore prophylactic or therapeutic agents to a subject with such adisease.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “prevent,”“preventing” and “prevention” refer to the prevention of the onset,recurrence or spread of the disease or a symptom thereof.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a “therapeuticallyeffective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide atherapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of the disease or todelay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease.Further, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound means thatamount of therapeutic agent alone, or in combination with othertherapies, provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or managementof the disease. The term “therapeutically effective amount” canencompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoidssymptoms or causes of disease, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy ofanother therapeutic agent.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a “prophylacticallyeffective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to result in theprevention, recurrence or spread of the disease. A prophylacticallyeffective amount may refer to an amount sufficient to prevent initialdisease, the recurrence or spread of the disease or the occurrence ofthe disease in a patient including, but not limited to, thosepredisposed to the disease. A prophylactically effective amount may alsorefer to an amount that provides a prophylactic benefit in theprevention of the disease. Further, a prophylactically effective amountof a compound means that amount alone, or in combination with otheragents, provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of thedisease. The term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass anamount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylacticefficacy of another prophylactic agent.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates, in part, to racemic and stereomerically purecompounds of Formula 1:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, andclathrates thereof, wherein R₁ and R_(1′) are both H or when takentogether are ═O, R₂ and R_(2′) are both H or when taken together are ═O,and R₃ is H, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or —COR₄; wherein R₄ is H, amine(e.g., N(alkyl)(alkyl), N(lower alkyl)(alkyl), N(H)(alkyl), N(H)(loweralkyl), and NH₂), alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, orO-arylalkyl; provided that when R₁, R_(1′), R₂, and R_(2′) are all H, R₃is not H or methyl. Preferred compounds of Formula 1 are stereomericallypure.

In specific compounds of Formula 1, R₁, R_(1′), R₂, and R_(2′) are all Hand R₃ is —COR₄, wherein R₄ is H, alkyl (e.g., lower alkyl), NH₂ oralkoxyalkyl. In more specific compounds, R₄ is H, CH₃, NH₂ or —OCH₂CH₃.

In other specific compounds, R₁ and R_(1′) are both H. In still otherspecific compounds, R₁ and R_(1′) are taken together to form ═O, R₂ andR_(2′) are both H, and R₃ is H or alkyl (e.g., lower alkyl, such asmethyl).

Examples of compounds of formula 1 are shown below:

This invention also encompasses racemic and stereomerically purecompounds of Formula 2:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, andclathrates thereof, wherein R₁ and R_(1′) are both H or when takentogether are ═O; and R₂ and R_(2′) are both H or when taken together are═O. Preferred compounds of Formula 2 are stereomerically pure. In aspecific embodiment, R₁, R_(1′), R₂ and R_(2′) are all H.

Compounds of Formulas 1 and 2 are referred to herein as “zopiclonederivatives.” The invention encompasses mixtures of two or more racemicand stereomerically pure zopiclone derivatives. For example, itencompasses non-racemic mixtures of stereoisomers of the same compound(e.g., about 90, 80, 70, or 60 weight percent of one enantiomer andabout 10, 20, 30, or 40 weight percent of the opposite enantiomer); andmixtures of different racemic or stereomerically pure compounds (e.g.,about 90, 80, 70, or 60 weight percent of one compound and about 10, 20,30, or 40 weight percent of another).

The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprisingzopiclone derivatives or mixtures, pharmaceutically acceptable salts,solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, or clathrates thereof, as well as tomethods of treating or preventing diseases or conditions using them. Theinvention also encompasses methods of synthesizing and purifyingzopiclone derivatives.

A first embodiment of the invention encompasses zopiclone derivativesand pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, andclathrates thereof. Preferred compounds are stereomerically pure.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a zopiclone derivative, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, or clathrate thereof In aspecific composition, the zopiclone derivative is stereomerically pure.Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include single unit dosageforms, which may be suitable for oral, mucosal (e.g., nasal, sublingual,vaginal, buccal, or rectal), parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous,intravenous, bolus injection, intramuscular, or intraarterial), ortransdermal administration to a patient. Preferred single unit dosageforms are tablets, capsules and caplets.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing a disease or condition which is affected by the modulation ofone or more central benzodiazepine sites in a patient which comprisesadministering to a patient in need of such treatment or prevention atherapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a zopiclonederivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate,prodrug, or clathrate thereof. In a specific method, the zopiclonederivative is stereomerically pure.

As used herein, the terms “diseases and conditions which are affected bythe modulation of one or more central benzodiazepine sites,” “diseasesand conditions which are affected by the modulation of one or morebenzodiazepine sites,” and “disease or condition affected by themodulation of a benzodiazepine site” mean a disease or condition thathas at least one symptom which is mitigated or alleviated by allostericbinding of a compound to benzodiazepine sites. Typically, at least onesymptom is mitigated or alleviated by an increase in the transneuronalmembrane chloride current associated with the binding of only GABA tobenzodiazepine receptor complexes. Specific diseases and conditions thatare affected by the modulation of one or more benzodiazepine receptorsinclude, but are not limited to: anxiety; affective disorders such asdepression, attention deficit disorder (“ADD”), and attention deficitdisorder with hyperactivity (“ADDH”) or attention deficit/hyperactivitydisorder (“ADHD”); convulsive disorders such as epilepsy; aggressivebehavior; spasticity or acute muscle spasm; behavioral disorders such asmood anxiety and schizophrenia; and alcohol and drug addiction.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing anxiety in a patient which comprises administering to apatient in need of such treatment or prevention a therapeutically orprophylactically effective amount of a zopiclone derivative, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, orclathrate thereof. In a specific method, the zopiclone derivative isstereomerically pure. The anxiety may be acute or chronic anxiety, ormay be a general anxiety disorder.

As used herein, the phrases “treating or preventing anxiety” and“treatment and prevention of anxiety” mean reducing the severity of atleast one symptom associated with acute anxiety, chronic anxiety,general anxiety disorder caused by psychologic and/or physiologicfactors, and other anxiety disorders such as panic disorders, moodanxiety, panic attacks, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorders, or posttraumatic distress disorder. Symptoms associated with acute anxietyinclude, but are not limited to, a fear of losing control of one's ownactions, a sense of terror arising from no apparent reason, and a dreadof catastrophe. Symptoms associated with chronic anxiety include, butare not limited to, uneasiness, nervousness, nagging uncertainty aboutfuture events, headache, fatigue, and subacute autonomic symptoms.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing a convulsive state in a patient which comprises administeringto a patient in need of such treatment or prevention a therapeuticallyor prophylactically effective amount of a zopiclone derivative, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, orclathrate thereof. In a specific method, the zopiclone derivative isstereomerically pure. A particular method of this embodiment is thetreatment or prevention of epilepsy or epileptic seizures.

As used herein, the phrase “treating or preventing a convulsive state”means reducing the severity and/or frequency of at least one symptomassociated with convulsive states which include, but are not limited to,recurrent, sudden, and often brief alterations of consciousness, motoractivity, sensory phenomena, and autonomic responses which are oftencharacterized by convulsive seizures and/or tonic or clonic jerking ofthe extremities. The term “convulsive state” encompasses epilepsy andspecific types of epileptic seizures including, but not limited to,Tonic-clonic (Grand Mal), Partial (Focal) seizures, psychomotor (Complexpartial) seizures, pyknoepileptic or Absence (Petit Mal) seizure, andMyoclonic seizures.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing an affective disorder in a patient which comprisesadministering to a patient in need of such treatment or prevention atherapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a zopiclonederivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate,prodrug, or clathrate thereof. In a specific method, the zopiclonederivative is stereomerically pure. A particular method encompassed bythis embodiment is the treatment or prevention of depression. Anothermethod encompassed by this embodiment is the treatment or prevention ofattention deficit disorder or attention deficit disorder withhyperactivity.

As used herein, the phrase “treating or preventing an affectivedisorder” means reducing the severity of at least one symptom associatedwith a psychological disorder characterized by abnormality of emotionalstate, including but not limited to, depression, dysthymia, attentiondeficit disorder, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, bipolardisorders, bipolar and manic conditions, and the like. The terms“attention deficit disorder” (“ADD”) and “attention deficit disorderwith hyperactivity” (“ADDH”), or “attention deficit/hyperactivitydisorder” (“ADHD”), are used herein in accordance with the acceptedmeanings as found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders, 4^(th) Ed, American Psychiatric Association (1997) (DSM-IV™).

As used herein, the phrase “treating or preventing depression” meansreducing the severity of at least one symptom associated with depressionwhich include, but are not limited to, changes in mood, feelings ofintense sadness, despair, mental slowing, loss of concentration,pessimistic worry, agitation, and self-deprecation. Symptoms associatedwith depression may also be physical symptoms, which include, but arenot limited to, insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, decreased energy andlibido, and abnormal hormonal circadian rhythms.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing aggressive behavior in a patient which comprisesadministering to a patient in need of such treatment or prevention atherapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a zopiclonederivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate,prodrug, or clathrate thereof. In a specific method, the zopiclonederivative is stereomerically pure.

As used herein, the phrase “treating or preventing aggressive behavior”means reducing the frequency and/or severity of at least onemanifestation of aggressive behavior which include, but are not limitedto, aggressive or socially inappropriate vocal outbursts and acts ofphysical violence.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing spasticity or acute muscle spasm spasticity in a patientwhich comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment orprevention a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of azopiclone derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,hydrate, prodrug, or clathrate thereof. In a specific method, thezopiclone derivative is stereomerically pure.

As used herein, the phrases “treating or preventing spasticity,”“treatment and prevention of spasticity,” “treating or preventingspasticity and acute muscle spasm,” and “treatment and prevention ofspasticity and acute muscle spasm” include reducing the severity of atleast one symptom associated with a range of abnormalities of skeletalmuscle regulation that result from problems of the nervous system. Apredominant symptom is heightened muscle tone or hyper-excitability oftonic stretch muscle reflexes. Symptoms of acute muscle spasm include,but are not limited to, trauma, inflammation, anxiety, and pain.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing a behavioral disorder in a patient which comprisesadministering to a patient in need of such treatment or prevention atherapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a zopiclonederivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate,prodrug, or clathrate thereof. In a specific composition, the zopiclonederivative is stereomerically pure.

As used herein, the phrase “treating or preventing a behavioraldisorder” means reducing or relieving from at least one symptom of abehavioral disorder, which include, but are not limited to, a subjectivesense of terror, a dread of catastrophe, uneasiness, nervousness,uncertainty, headache, fatigue, disturbed thinking, inappropriateeffect, auditory hallucinations, and aggressive outbursts.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing a schizophrenic disorder in a patient which comprisesadministering to a patient in need of such treatment or prevention atherapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a zopiclonederivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate,prodrug, or clathrate thereof In a specific method, the zopiclonederivative is stereomerically pure.

As used herein, the phrase “treating or preventing a schizophrenicdisorder” means reducing the severity of at least one symptom associatedwith schizophrenic disorders. Symptoms of schizophrenic disordersinclude, but are not limited to, psychotic symptoms of disturbedthinking, feeling and general behavior. Specific symptoms ofschizophrenic disorders include the inability to form clear,goal-directed thought, and emotional changes such as blunting andinappropriate affect. Other symptoms of schizophrenic disorders includeauditory hallucinations, delusions of persecution, threats of violence,minor aggressive outbursts, aggressive behavior, disturbances ofmovement such as significant overactivity and excitement, andretardation and stupor.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treatingalcohol or drug addiction in a patient which comprises administering toa patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically orprophylactically effective amount of a zopiclone derivative, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, orclathrate thereof. In a specific method, the zopiclone derivative isstereomerically pure.

As used herein, the phrase “treating alcohol or drug addiction” meansreducing at least one symptom of disease or conditions related toalcohol or drug addiction including, but not limited to, drug or alcoholaddiction or symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol or drugs. Symptoms ofwithdrawal include, but are not limited to, depression, pain, fever,restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, uncontrollable yawning,perspiration, piloerection, restless sleep, mydriasis, twitching andmuscle spasms, severe aches in the back, abdomen and legs, abdominal andmuscle cramps, hot and cold flashes, insomnia, nausea, vomiting,diarrhea, coryza and severe sneezing, and increases in body temperature,blood pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating orpreventing drug withdrawal, alcohol withdrawal, symptoms of drugwithdrawal, or symptoms of alcohol withdrawal in a patient whichcomprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment atherapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a zopiclonederivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate,prodrug, or clathrate thereof. In a specific method, the zopiclonederivative is stereomerically pure.

Still another embodiment of the invention encompasses methods ofpreparing zopiclone derivatives, including stereomerically pureenantiomers of those compounds. For example, one method of preparing acompound of Formula 1 comprises contacting a stereomerically pureenantiomer of zopiclone with 1-chloroethyl chloroformate. Another methodcomprises contacting a stereomerically pure enantiomer of zopiclone withan azodicarboxylate, and hydrolyzing the resulting product under mildconditions. A preferred azodicarboxylate is diethyl azodicarboxylate.Yet another method comprises resolution of a racemic zopiclonederivative using L-N-benzyloxycarbonyl phenylalanine (L-ZPA) as aresolution reagent.

4.1 Synthesis and Isolation of Zopiclone Derivatives

Compounds of this invention (i.e., zopiclone derivatives andpharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, andclathrates thereof) can be readily prepared from racemic orenantiomerically pure zopiclone. Zopiclone itself can be preparedaccording to the method disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,862,149 and4,220,646, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Isolationof enantiomerically pure zopiclone can be achieved using methods wellknown in the art, such as, but not limited to, chiral chromatography andchiral salt formation. Compounds of the invention can also be preparedby conventional means from racemic or enantiomerically pureN-desmethylzopiclone (“DMZ”), which can be prepared by methods disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,086, the entirety of which is incorporated hereinby reference.

An exemplary way of preparing a variety of compounds encompassed by thisinvention is illustrated below in Scheme I:

wherein: R₁, R_(1′), R₂, and R_(2′) are all H and R₃ is alkylCO, formyl,or NH₂CO; R₁ and R_(1′) together are ═O, R₂, and R_(2′) are both H, andR₃ is H or alkyl; or R₁ and R_(1′) together are ═O, R₂ and R_(2′)together are ═O, and R₃ is H or alkyl. According to this method, thereadily available lactomol is treated with the protected piperazinecarbamyl chloride in the presence of DMAP and triethylamine. Theresulting products can be purified using various methods known in theart, such as column chromatography (silica gel). Well known methods suchas chiral chromatography and chiral salt formation can be used toseparate stereoisomers of the product. The carbamyl chlorides areprepared from the corresponding piperizine derivative with phosgene in asolvent such as, but not limited to, toluene.

An alternative method of preparing compounds of the invention isillustrated below in Scheme II:

wherein: R₁, R_(1′), R₂, and R_(2′) are all H and R₃ is alkylCO, formyl,or NH₂CO; R₁ and R_(1′) together are ═O, R₂, and R_(2′) are both H, andR₃ is H or alkyl; or R₁ and R_(1′) together are ═O, R₂ and R_(2′)together are ═O, and R₃ is H or alkyl. According to this method, thereadily available carbonate is reacted with a piperizine derivative inacetonitrile to give the corresponding product. The resulting productscan be purified using various methods known in the art, such as columnchromatography (silica gel). Well known methods such as chiralchromatography and chiral salt formation can be used to separatestereoisomers of the product.

Compounds of the invention can also be synthesized by a methodillustrated below in Scheme III:

wherein R₄ is H, aryl, or alkyl. According to this method, racemic orenantiomerically pure DMZ is treated with acid chlorides or formic andacetic mixed anhydride to yield the corresponding products. Theresulting products can be purified using various methods known in theart, such as column chromatography (silica gel). Well known methods suchas chiral chromatography and chiral salt formation can be used toseparate and/or further purify stereoisomers of the product.

4.2 Methods of Treatment and Prevention

The magnitude of a prophylactic or therapeutic dose of an activeingredient of the invention in the acute or chronic management of adisease or condition will vary with the nature and severity of thedisease or condition, and may also vary according to the route by whichthe active ingredient is administered.

The dose, and perhaps the dose frequency, will also vary according tothe age, body weight, and response of the individual patient. Suitabledosing regimens can be readily selected by those skilled in the art withdue consideration of such factors. In general, the recommended dailydose range for the diseases and conditions described herein lie withinthe range of from about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg per day, given as asingle once-a-day dose, or as divided doses from 2 to 4 times throughoutthe day. Preferably, a daily dose range should be from about 0.5 mg toabout 250 mg per day, more preferably, from about 1 mg to about 200 mgper day. In managing the patient, the therapy should be initiated at alower dose, perhaps about 0.1 mg to about 25 mg, and increased ifnecessary up to about 1 mg to about 200 mg per day as either a singledose or divided doses, depending on the patient's global response.

It may be necessary to use dosages of the active ingredient outside theranges disclosed herein in some cases, as will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art. Because elimination of zopiclone metabolitesfrom the bloodstream is dependant on renal and liver function, it isrecommended that the total daily dose be reduced by at least about 50%in patients with moderate hepatic impairment, and that it be reduced byabout 25% in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. Forpatients undergoing hernodialysis, it is recommended that the totaldaily dose be reduced by about 5% and that the dose be withheld untilthe dialysis treatment is completed. Furthermore, it is noted that theclinician or treating physician will know how and when to interrupt,adjust, or terminate therapy in conjunction with individual patientresponse.

The phrases “therapeutically effective amount,” “prophylacticallyeffective amount,” and “therapeutically or prophylactically effectiveamount” as used herein with respect to the treatment or prevention ofdiseases and conditions encompasses the above described dosage amountsand dose frequency schedules. Different therapeutically effectiveamounts may be applicable for different diseases and conditions, as willbe readily known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Similarly,amounts sufficient to treat or prevent such disorders, but insufficientto cause adverse effects associated with zopiclone, are also encompassedby the above described dosage amounts and dose frequency schedules.

Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing thepatient with an effective dosage of a compound of the invention.Suitable routes include, but are not limited to, oral, mucosal (e.g.,nasal, sublingual, vaginal, buccal, or rectal), parenteral (e.g.,subcutaneous, intravenous, bolus injection, intramuscular, orintraarterial), and transdermal.

4.3 Pharmaceutical Compositions and Dosage Forms

Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention compriseone or more of the active ingredients disclosed herein. Pharmaceuticalcompositions and dosage forms of the invention typically also compriseone or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or diluents.

Single unit dosage forms of the invention are suitable for oral, mucosal(e.g., nasal, sublingual, vaginal, buccal, or rectal), parenteral (e.g.,subcutaneous, intravenous, bolus injection, intramuscular, orintraarterial), or transdermal administration to a patient. Examples ofdosage forms include, but are not limited to: tablets; caplets;capsules, such as soft elastic gelatin capsules; cachets; troches;lozenges; dispersions; suppositories; ointments; cataplasms (poultices);pastes; powders; dressings; creams; plasters; solutions; patches;aerosols (e.g., nasal sprays or inhalers); gels; liquid dosage formssuitable for oral or mucosal administration to a patient, includingsuspensions (e.g., aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspensions,oil-in-water emulsions, or a water-in-oil liquid emulsions), solutions,and elixirs; liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administrationto a patient; and sterile solids (e.g., crystalline or amorphous solids)that can be reconstituted to provide liquid dosage forms suitable forparenteral administration to a patient.

The composition, shape, and type of dosage forms of the invention willtypically vary depending on their use. For example, a dosage form usedin the acute treatment of a disorder may contain larger amounts of oneor more of the active ingredients it comprises than a dosage form usedin the chronic treatment of the same disease. Similarly, a parenteraldosage form may contain smaller amounts of one or more of the activeingredients it comprises than an oral dosage form used to treat the samedisease or disorder. These and other ways in which specific dosage formsencompassed by this invention will vary from one another will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1990).

Typical pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprise one ormore excipients. Suitable excipients are well known to those skilled inthe art of pharmacy, and non-limiting examples of suitable excipientsare provided herein. Whether a particular excipient is suitable forincorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form dependson a variety of factors well known in the art including, but not limitedto, the way in which the dosage form will be administered to a patient.For example, oral dosage forms such as tablets may contain excipientsnot suited for use in parenteral dosage forms. The suitability of aparticular excipient may also depend on the specific active ingredientsin the dosage form. For example, the decomposition of some activeingredients can be accelerated by some excipients such as lactose, orwhen exposed to water. Active ingredients that comprise primary orsecondary amines (e.g., Urea-DMZ and Amido-DMZ) are particularlysusceptible to such accelerated decomposition. Consequently, thisinvention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms thatcontain little, if any, lactose other mono- or di-saccharides. As usedherein, the term “lactose-free” means that the amount of lactosepresent, if any, is insufficient to substantially increase thedegradation rate of an active ingredient.

Lactose-free compositions of the invention can comprise excipients thatare well known in the art and are listed, for example, in the U.S.Pharmocopia (USP) SP (XXI)/NF (XVI). In general, lactose-freecompositions comprise active ingredients, a binder/filler, and alubricant in pharmaceutically compatible and pharmaceutically acceptableamounts. Preferred lactose-free dosage forms comprise activeingredients, microcrystalline cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, andmagnesium stearate.

This invention further encompasses anhydrous pharmaceutical compositionsand dosage forms comprising active ingredients, since water canfacilitate the degradation of some compounds. For example, the additionof water (e.g., 5%) is widely accepted in the pharmaceutical arts as ameans of simulating long-term storage in order to determinecharacteristics such as shelf-life or the stability of formulations overtime. See, e.g., Jens T. Carstensen, Drug Stability: Principles &Practice, 2d. Ed., Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y., 1995, pp. 379-80. In effect,water and heat accelerate the decomposition of some compounds. Thus, theeffect of water on a formulation can be of great significance sincemoisture and/or humidity are commonly encountered during manufacture,handling, packaging, storage, shipment, and use of formulations.

Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the inventioncan be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredientsand low moisture or low humidity conditions. Pharmaceutical compositionsand dosage forms that comprise lactose and at least one activeingredient that comprises a primary or secondary amine are preferablyanhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity duringmanufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected.

An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition should be prepared and storedsuch that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrouscompositions are preferably packaged using materials known to preventexposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formularykits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to,hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g. vials),blister packs, and strip packs.

The invention further encompasses pharmaceutical compositions and dosageforms that comprise one or more compounds that reduce the rate by whichan active ingredient will decompose. Such compounds, which are referredto herein as “stabilizers,” include, but are not limited to,antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, pH buffers, or salt buffers.

Like the amounts and types of excipients, the amounts and specific typesof active ingredients in a dosage form may differ depending on factorssuch as, but not limited to, the route by which it is to be administeredto patients. However, typical dosage forms of the invention comprise acompound of Formula 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof in an amount of from about 0.1 mgto about 500 mg, preferably in amount of from about 0.5 mg to about 250mg, and more preferably in an amount of from about 1 mg and about 200mg.

4.3.1 Oral Dosage Forms

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention that are suitable for oraladministration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, butare not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets, capsules,and liquids (e.g., flavored syrups). Such dosage forms containpredetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared bymethods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art. Seegenerally, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., MackPublishing, Easton Pa. (1990).

Typical oral dosage forms of the invention are prepared by combining theactive ingredient(s) in an intimate admixture with at least oneexcipient according to conventional pharmaceutical compoundingtechniques. Excipients can take a wide variety of forms depending on theform of preparation desired for administration. For example, excipientssuitable for use in oral liquid or aerosol dosage forms include, but arenot limited to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents,preservatives, and coloring agents. Examples of excipients suitable foruse in solid oral dosage forms (e.g., powders, tablets, capsules, andcaplets) include, but are not limited to, starches, sugars,micro-crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants,binders, and disintegrating agents.

Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules representthe most advantageous oral dosage unit forms, in which case solidexcipients are employed. If desired, tablets can be coated by standardaqueous or nonaqueous techniques. Such dosage forms can be prepared byany of the methods of pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositionsand dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing theactive ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers,or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation ifnecessary. Specific oral dosage forms of the invention are coated toavoid the bitter taste associated with zopiclone.

For example, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding.Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machinethe active ingredients in a free-flowing form such as powder orgranules, optionally mixed with an excipient. Molded tablets can be madeby molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compoundmoistened with an inert liquid diluent.

Examples of excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms of theinvention include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers,disintegrants, and lubricants. Binders suitable for use inpharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are notlimited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin,natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginicacid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and itsderivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinylpyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910), microcrystallinecellulose, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose include, but are notlimited to, the materials sold as AVICEL-PH-101, AVICEL-PH-103 AVICELRC-581, AVICEL-PH-105 (available from FMC Corporation, American ViscoseDivision, Avicel Sales, Marcus Hook, Pa.), and mixtures thereof. Anspecific binder is a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose sold as AVICEL RC-581. Suitable anhydrous or lowmoisture excipients or additives include AVICEL-PH-103™ and Starch 1500LM.

Examples of fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositionsand dosage forms disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, talc,calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystallinecellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicicacid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.The binder or filler in pharmaceutical compositions of the invention istypically present in from about 50 to about 99 weight percent of thepharmaceutical composition or dosage form.

Disintegrants are used in the compositions of the invention to providetablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment.Tablets that contain too much disintegrant may disintegrate in storage,while those that contain too little may not disintegrate at a desiredrate or under the desired conditions. Thus, a sufficient amount ofdisintegrant that is neither too much nor too little to detrimentallyalter the release of the active ingredients should be used to form solidoral dosage forms of the invention. The amount of disintegrant usedvaries based upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible tothose of ordinary skill in the art. Typical pharmaceutical compositionscomprise from about 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant,preferably from about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant.

Disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosageforms of the invention include, but are not limited to, agar-agar,alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose,croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starchglycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre-gelatinizedstarch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, andmixtures thereof.

Lubricants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosageforms of the invention include, but are not limited to, calciumstearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin,sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid,sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanutoil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, andsoybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, andmixtures thereof Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloidsilica gel (AEROSIL 200, manufactured by W.R. Grace Co. of Baltimore,Md.), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica (marketed by Degussa Co.of Plano, Tex.), CAB-O-SIL (a pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold byCabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and mixtures thereof. If used at all,lubricants are typically used in an amount of less than about 1 weightpercent of the pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms into whichthey are incorporated.

4.3.2 Delayed Release Dosage Forms

Active ingredients of the invention can be administered by controlledrelease means or by delivery devices that are well known to those ofordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to,those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809;3,598,123; and 4,008,719, 5,674,533, 5,059,595, 5,591,767, 5,120,548,5,073,543, 5,639,476, 5,354,556, and 5,733,566, each of which isincorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used toprovide slow or controlled-release of one or more active ingredientsusing, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices,gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings,microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof toprovide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitablecontrolled-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in theart, including those described herein, can be readily selected for usewith the active ingredients of the invention. The invention thusencompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administrationsuch as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and capletsthat are adapted for controlled-release.

All controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal ofimproving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlledcounterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designedcontrolled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized bya minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control thecondition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled-releaseformulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosagefrequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition,controlled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onsetof action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the drug,and can thus affect the occurrence of side (e.g., adverse) effects.

Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially releasean amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desiredtherapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of otheramounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylacticeffect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain thisconstant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from thedosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug beingmetabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled-release of an activeingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but notlimited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiologicalconditions or compounds.

4.3.3 Parenteral Dosage Forms

Parenteral dosage forms can be administered to patients by variousroutes including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous(including bolus injection), intramuscular, and intraarterial. Becausetheir administration typically bypasses patients' natural defensesagainst contaminants, parenteral dosage forms are preferably sterile orcapable of being sterilized prior to administration to a patient.Examples of parenteral dosage forms include, but are not limited to,solutions ready for injection, dry products ready to be dissolved orsuspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for injection,suspensions ready for injection, and emulsions.

Suitable vehicles that can be used to provide parenteral dosage forms ofthe invention are well known to those skilled in the art. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to: Water for Injection USP; aqueousvehicles such as, but not limited to, Sodium Chloride Injection,Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium ChlorideInjection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection; water-miscible vehicles suchas, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, andpolypropylene glycol; and non-aqueous vehicles such as, but not limitedto, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyl oleate,isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.

Compounds that increase the solubility of one or more of the activeingredients disclosed herein can also be incorporated into theparenteral dosage forms of the invention.

4.3.4 Transdermal, Topical, and Mucosal Dosage Forms

Transdermal, topical, and mucosal dosage forms of the invention include,but are not limited to, ophthalmic solutions, sprays, aerosols, creams,lotions, ointments, gels, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, or otherforms known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 16th and 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa.(1980 & 1990); and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 4th ed.,Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1985). Dosage forms suitable for treatingmucosal tissues within the oral cavity can be formulated as mouthwashesor as oral gels. Further, transdermal dosage forms include “reservoirtype” or “matrix type” patches, which can be applied to the skin andworn for a specific period of time to permit the penetration of adesired amount of active ingredients.

Suitable excipients (e.g., carriers and diluents) and other materialsthat can be used to provide transdermal, topical, and mucosal dosageforms encompassed by this invention are well known to those skilled inthe pharmaceutical arts, and depend on the particular tissue to which agiven pharmaceutical composition or dosage form will be applied. Withthat fact in mind, typical excipients include, but are not limited to,water, acetone, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,butane-1,3-diol, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, mineral oil,and mixtures thereof to form lotions, tinctures, creams, emulsions, gelsor ointments, which are non-toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable.Moisturizers or humectants can also be added to pharmaceuticalcompositions and dosage forms if desired. Examples of such additionalingredients are well known in the art. See, e.g., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 16th and 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa.(1980 & 1990).

Depending on the specific tissue to be treated, additional componentsmay be used prior to, in conjunction with, or subsequent to treatmentwith active ingredients of the invention. For example, penetrationenhancers can be used to assist in delivering the active ingredients tothe tissue. Suitable penetration enhancers include, but are not limitedto: acetone; various alcohols such as ethanol, oleyl, andtetrahydrofuryl; alkyl sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide; dimethylacetamide; dimethyl formamide; polyethylene glycol; pyrrolidones such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone; Kollidon grades (Povidone, Polyvidone); urea; andvarious water-soluble or insoluble sugar esters such as Tween 80(polysorbate 80) and Span 60 (sorbitan monostearate).

The pH of a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form, or of the tissueto which the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form is applied, mayalso be adjusted to improve delivery of one or more active ingredients.Similarly, the polarity of a solvent carrier, its ionic strength, ortonicity can be adjusted to improve delivery. Compounds such asstearates can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions or dosageforms to advantageously alter the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of oneor more active ingredients so as to improve delivery. In this regard,stearates can serve as a lipid vehicle for the formulation, as anemulsifying agent or surfactant, and as a delivery-enhancing orpenetration-enhancing agent. Different salts, hydrates or solvates ofthe active ingredients can be used to further adjust the properties ofthe resulting composition.

5. EXAMPLES

Certain embodiments of the invention, as well as certain novel andunexpected advantages of the invention, are illustrated by the followingnon-limiting examples.

5.1 Synthesis of Zopiclone Derivatives

One of the compounds encompassed by this invention, which is referred toherein as “Formyldesmethylzopiclone,” “Formyl-DMZ,” or “FDMZ,” has thefollowing structure:

Racemic FDMZ is readily prepared from N-desmethylzopiclone using anappropriate N-dealkylation reaction, while stereomerically pure FDMZ canbe prepared from the corresponding enantiomer of N-desmethylzopiclone,as shown below in Scheme IV:

Another compound, which is referred to herein as“Acetyldesmethylzopiclone,” “Acetyl-DMZ,” or “AcDMZ,” and which has thefollowing structure:

can be prepared in much the same way. In particular, racemic andenantiomerically pure AcDMZ can be synthesized according to the methodillustrated above in Scheme IV using acetic acid in place of formicacid.

AcDMZ can also be prepared by treating racemic and enantiomerically pureN-desmethylzopiclone with acylchloride and pyridine. The compound canfurther be prepared as shown below in Scheme V:

Another compound that can be prepared using methods of the invention isreferred to herein as “Carboethoxydesmethylzopiclone,”“Carboethoxy-DMZ,” or “CDMZ,” and has the following structure:

Racemic and enantiomerically pure CDMZ can be synthesized according tothe method illustrated in Scheme IV using carboethoxy acetic acid inplace of formic acid. Racemic and enantiomerically pure CDMZ can also beprepared by treating racemic and enantiomerically pureN-desmethylzopiclone with ethyl chloroformate. Another method ofpreparing CDMZ is illustrated below in Scheme VI:

Still another compound of the invention is referred to herein as“Ureadesmethylzopiclone,” “Urea-DMZ,” or “UDMZ,” and has the followingstructure:

UDMZ can be prepared as illustrated below in scheme VII:

Enantiomerically pure UDMZ can be isolated using known techniques, suchas chiral chromatography.

Another compound of this invention, which is referred to herein as“Amidodesmethylzopiclone,” “Amido-DMZ,” or “AmDMZ,” has the followingstructure:

Still another compound, which is referred to herein as“Methylamidodesmethylzopiclone,” “Methyladmido-DMZ,” or “MAmDMZ,” as thefollowing structure:

A preferred method of preparing compounds such as AmDMZ and MAmDMZ isillustrated below in Scheme VIII:

According to this method, carbonic acid6-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-7-oxo-6,7dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4b]pyrazin-5-ylester alkyl ester, a material typically used to prepare zopiclone, isreacted with alkyl substituted or unsubstituted Piperazin-2-one.Enantiomerically pure forms of AmDMZ and MAmDMZ can be obtained bystandard techniques such as, but not limited to, chiral chromatography.

Another method of preparing AmDMZ and MAmDMZ is illustrated below inSchemes IX and X:

In this approach,6-(5-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-7-hydroxy-6,7-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-oneis reacted with triethylamine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine with anappropriate acid chloride to yield the desired product. Enantiomericallypure AmDMZ and MAmDMZ can be isolated using known techniques, such aschiral chromatography.

Yet another method of preparing compounds such as AmDMZ and MAmDMZ isillustrated below in Schemes XI and XII:

Some of the compounds of the invention are collectively referred toherein as “Diamido Derivatives,” and have the following structure:

wherein R₃ is defined herein. One method of preparing DiamidoDerivatives is illustrated below in Scheme XIII:

Stereomerically pure forms of these compounds can be isolated usingknown techniques, such as chiral chromatography. Another syntheticmethod is illustrated below in Scheme XIV:

5.2 Alternative Methods of Synthesis 5.2.1 Methylamidodesmethylzopiclone5.2.1.1 Synthesis of 1-Methyl-piperazine-2-one

3-Oxo-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester: To a magneticallystirred solution of piperazin-2-one (2.0 g, 20.0 mmol) in THF (10 mL) atroom temperature under Ar atmosphere, K₂CO₃ (8.25 g, 120 mmol), water(10 mL), and benzyl chloroformate (3.14 mL, 22.0 mmol) were added. Thereaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature. Water (50mL) was added, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×100mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried withMgSO₄, and concentrated in vacuo to the give the title compound (6.84 g,100%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.37 (bs, 2H), 3.68 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 2H),4.13 (s, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 7.34 (m, 5H).

4-Methyl-3-oxo-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester: To amagnetically stirred solution of sodium hydride (0.75 g, 18.75 mmol) inTHF (21 mL) at 0° C. under Ar atmosphere, 18-crown-6 (0.051 g, 0.193mmol) and 3-oxo-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (3.0 g, 4.27mmol) were added. Methyl iodide (1.26 mL, 18.7 mmol) was added at 0° C.The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 0° C. Water (50 mL) wasadded, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with water, dried with MgSO₄, andconcentrated in vacuo to the crude product. The pure product wasobtained by column chromatography over silica gel (100% EtOAc as eluent)which gave the title compound (0.59 g, 62%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.98 (s, 3H), 3.35 (s, 2H), 3.71 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H),4.14 (s, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 7.35 (m, 5H).

1-Methyl-piperazin-2-one: To a magnetically stirred solution of4-Methyl-3-oxo-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2.0 g,8.06 mmol) in methanol (20 mL) under Ar atmosphere, 10% Pd/C was added.A hydrogen balloon was equipped to the reaction and the reaction mixturewas stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere overnight at room temperature.The reaction mixture was filtered over celite in vacuo, and the motherliquors were concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound (0.83g, 90%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.98 (bs, 1H), 2.90(s, 3H), 3.01 (t, J=10.6 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (t, J=10.6 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (s, 2H).

5.2.1.2 Synthesis of Methylamidodesmethylzopiclone

To a magnetically stirred solution of lactamol phenyl carbonate (0.373g, 0.978 mmol) in toluene (1.25 mL) and acetonitrile (5.0 mL) under Aratmosphere at room temperature, 1-methyl-piperazine-2-one (0.30 g, 2.63mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours at 60° C.After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentratedin vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved in warm acetonitrile (5 mL)and filtered to provide the title compound (0.11 g, 28%) as a whitesolid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.95 (s, 3H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m,1H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.81 (m, 2H), 4.20 (m, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H),8.00 (s, 1H), 8.31 (m, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.90(s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 34.7, 41.0, 47.6, 48.1, 79.4, 116.4,128.7, 138.5, 146.8, 148.2, 148.6. Mass spectrum m/e 403 (M⁺).

5.2.2 Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid6-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-β]pyrazin-5-ylester

Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid6-(5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-β]pyrazin-5-ylester was prepared from 4-methyl-3-oxo-piperazine-1-carboxylic acidtert-butyl ester and morpholine using a similar procedure described inSection 5.2.1, above. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.08-3.54 (m, 8H), 7.77(s, 1H), 8.08 (dd, J=2.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (d,J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.97 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H).

5.2.3 Ureadesmethylzopiclone

Ureadesmethylzopiclone was prepared from4-methyl-3-oxo-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester andpiperazine-1-carboxylic acid amide using a similar procedure describedin Section 5.2.1, above. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.09-3.42 (m, 8H),6.01 (s, 2H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 8.08 (dd, J=2.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=8.8Hz, 1H), 8.53 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.97 (d, J=2.5Hz, 1H).

5.2.4 Carboethoxydesmethylzopiclone

Carboethoxydesmethylzopiclone was prepared from4-methyl-3-oxo-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester andpiperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester using a similar proceduredescribed in Section 5.2.1, above. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.22 (t,J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 3.27 (m, 4H), 3.49 (m, 4H), 4.11 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.78(dd, J=2.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.84 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.88( d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H).

5.2.5 Formyldesmethylzopiclone

Formyldesmethylzopiclone was prepared from4-methyl-3-oxo-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester andpiperazine-1-carbaldehyde using a similar procedure described in Section5.2.1, above. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.10-3.64 (m, 8H), 7.25 (s, 1H),7.80 (dd, J=2.5 Hz, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H),8.53 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.84 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.90 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H).

5.3 Determination of Biological Activity

A pharmacologic study is conducted to determine the relative potency,comparative efficacy, and binding affinity of zopiclone derivatives. Thepharmacologic profile of hypnotic-sedative, anxiolytic agents of thebenzodiazepine class is well established, and has been extended tonon-benzodiazepine agents of the cyclopyrrolone class. See, e.g.,Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Hardman,J. G., et al., eds. ch. 17, pp. 361-396 (9^(th) ed., 1996); Bardone, M.C., et al., Abstract No. 2319, 7^(th) Int. Congr. Pharm. Paris, (July,1978: Pergamon Press, London); Julou, L. et al., Pharmacology,Biochemistry and Behavior, 23:653-659 (1985).

A variety of experimental models can be used to characterize the variousactivities of zopiclone derivatives, including their anticonvulsant,myorelaxant, anti-aggressive, sedative-hypnotic, and anxiolytic (i.e.,anti-anxiety) activities. In an examination of each element of thepharmacologic profile, zopiclone derivatives are compared withpharmacologic standards such as nitrazepam and diazepam in a variety ofanimal models. The dose (mg/kg) of each agent that is capable ofinhibiting by 50% (the ID₅₀ or ED₅₀) of an induced response in rodents,for example, provides the basis for comparison.Pentylenetetrazole-induced, picrotoxin convulsions, andelectrically-induced convulsions can thus be used to demonstrate theanti-convulsant activity of zopiclone derivatives. Haefely, W.,Psychotropic Agents, Hofmeister, F. and Stille, G., eds., part 11, pp.12-262 (Springer Verlag, Berlin: 1981). Further, in the rat, in theamygdala kindled model of epilepsy, daily electrical stimulation of theamygdala induces a progressive increase of epileptic afterdischargeduration, with increasing epileptic behavioral symptoms, producing inabout two weeks a generalized convulsive crisis. Presumably, previouslyineffective stimuli have sensitized neuronal pathways, and it has beensuggested that a similar mechanism may exist for the induction of ananxiety state in man after repeated stresses.

Similar models are available for determination of the myorelaxant,anti-aggressive, and sedative-hypnotic activities of zopiclonederivatives in both mice and rats. See, Julou, L. et al., Pharmacology,Biochemistry and Behavior, 23:653-659 (1985).

The pharmacologic activity of zopiclone derivatives may also be comparedwith benzodiazepines for their affinity for binding to both CNS andperipheral benzodiazepine receptors. In this biochemical affinitybinding study, the binding of ³H-radiolabeledzopiclone derivatives isstudied in a synaptosomal membrane preparation of cerebral tissue fromfemale rat brain. The tissue is preferably prepared by homogenization inice-cold isosmotic (0.32 M) sucrose, and centrifugation, first at lowspeed (1,000×g for 10 minutes), with the resultant supernatant solutionthen being centrifuged at high speed (48,000×g for 20 minutes). Theresulting pellet is suspended in Kreb-Tris buffer at pH 7.4, and theconcentration of protein is adjusted to 15 mg/mi. This synaptosomalmembrane preparation may be stored at −18° C. until used at roomtemperature (e.g., about 22° C.) with the radio-cyclopyrrolone inKreb-Tris buffer solution pH 7.4. Following a 30-minute incubation,separation of the bound and free drug is performed by centrifugation at1,000×g for 10 minutes in scintillation vials. The supernatant solutionis collected, the pellet is dissolved in a counting vehicle, and theradioactivity is counted using a liquid scintillation counter. Theoriginal supernatant solution from the first incubation, which containsunbound radiolabeled drug, may be used in additional binding studiesusing the same method. Additional controls involve, for instance, studyof the radioactivity bound in the presence of 10 μM flunitrazepam (abenzodiazepine), which experiment is useful in assessing non-specificbinding. Furthermore, the binding of various concentrations ofradiolabeledzopiclone derivatives in the presence of a fixedconcentration of GABA provides additional information as to themodulation of the GABA-ergic system byzopiclone derivatives. See,Jacqmin, P., et al., Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn, 282:26-32 (1986); Jacqmin,P., et al., J. Pharm. Belg. 40:35-54 (1985). With regard to peripheralbenzodiazepine receptors and their distinction from centralbenzodiazepine binding sites, see, e.g., Verma, A. and Snyder, S. H.,Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29:307-322 (1989), which is herebyincorporated by reference.

5.4 Tablet Dosage Forms

Suitable ingredients of a tablet dosage form of a zopiclone derivativeare provided in Table 1. TABLE 1 Component Quantity per Tablet (mg)zopiclone derivative 75 Lactose 125 Corn Starch 5.0 Water (per thousandtablets) 30.0 ml * Magnesium Stearate 0.5* The water evaporates during manufacture.

The active ingredient is blended with the lactose until a uniform blendis formed. The smaller quantity of corn starch is blended with asuitable quantity of water to form a corn starch paste. This is thenmixed with the uniform blend until a uniform wet mass is formed. Theremaining corn starch is added to the resulting wet mass and mixed untiluniform granules are obtained. The granules are then screened through asuitable milling machine, using a ¼ inch stainless steel screen. Themilled granules are then dried in a suitable drying oven until thedesired moisture content is obtained. The dried granules are then milledthrough a suitable milling machine using ¼ mesh stainless steel screen.The magnesium stearate is then blended and the resulting mixture iscompressed into tablets of desired shape, thickness, hardness anddisintegration. Tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueoustechniques.

Another tablet dosage formulation suitable for use with an activeingredient of the invention is provided by Table 2: TABLE 2 Quantity perTablet (mg) Component Formula A Formula B Formula C zopiclone derivative20 40 100 Lactose BP 134.5 114.5 309.0 Starch BP 30 30 60 PregelatinizedMaize Starch BP 15 15 30 Magnesium Stearate 0.5 0.5 1.0 CompressionWeight 200 200 500

The active ingredient is sieved and blended with lactose, starch, andpregelatinized maize starch. Suitable volumes of purified water areadded and the powders are granulated. After drying, the granules arescreened and blended with the magnesium stearate. The granules are thencompressed into tablets using punches.

Compressed tablet formulations of zopiclone derivatives may be madeusing the ingredients provided in Table 3: TABLE 3 Compressed TabletFormulations 0.1 mg tablet 5 mg tablet 20 mg tablet Component (amount inmg) (amount in mg) (amount in mg) zopiclone 0.1 5.0 20.0 derivativeMicrocrystalline 90.0 90.0 90.0 Cellulose Pregelatinized 102.7 97.8 82.8Starch Croscarmellose 7.0 7.0 7.0 Magnesium 0.2 0.2 0.2 Stearate

The active ingredient is sieved through a suitable sieve and blendedwith the non-lactose excipients until a uniform blend is formed. The dryblend is screened and blended with the magnesium stearate. The resultingpowder blend is then compressed into tablets of desired shape and size.Tablets of other strengths may be prepared by altering the ratio of theactive ingredient to the excipient(s) or modifying the tablet weight.

Tablets of other strengths may be prepared by altering the ratio ofactive ingredient to pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, thecompression weight, or by using different punches.

5.5 Capsule Dosage Forms

Capsules of zopiclone derivatives may be made using the ingredientsprovided in Table 4: TABLE 4 Capsule Unit Dosage Forms Quantity perCapsule (mg) Formulation A B C zopiclone derivative 50.0 100.0 200.0Lactose 48.5 148.5 48.5 Titanium Dioxide 0.5 0.5 0.5 Magnesium Stearate1.0 1.0 1.0 Fill Weight 100.0 250.0 250.0

The active ingredient is sieved and blended with the excipients. Themixture is filled into suitably sized two-piece hard gelatin capsulesusing suitable machinery. Other doses may be prepared by altering theratio of the active ingredient and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,the fill weight and, if necessary, by changing the capsule size to suit.

Hard gelatin capsules of zopiclone derivatives may be made using theingredients provided in Table 5: TABLE 5 Hard Gelatin Capsule UnitDosage Forms 0.1 mg capsule 5 mg capsule 20 mg capsule Component (amountin mg) (amount in mg) (amount in mg) zopiclone 0.1 5.0 20.0 derivativeMicrocrystalline 90.0 90.0 90.0 Cellulose Pre-gelatinized 102.7 97.882.8 Starch Croscarmellose 7.0 7.0 7.0 Magnesium 0.2 0.2 0.2 Stearate

The active ingredient is sieved and blended with the excipients listed.The mixture is filled into suitably sized two-piece hard gelatincapsules using suitable machinery and methods well known in the art.See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th or 18th Editions,each incorporated herein. Other doses may be prepared by altering thefill weight and, if necessary, changing the capsule size to suit. Any ofthe stable, non-lactose hard gelatin capsule formulations above may beformed.

The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to bemerely exemplary, and those skilled in the art will recognize, or beable to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerousequivalents to the specific procedures described herein. All suchequivalents are considered to be within the scope of the invention andare encompassed by the following claims.

1. An enantiomerically pure compound of Formula 3:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrugthereof, wherein: X is O; R₁ and R_(1′) are both H or when takentogether are ═O; and R₂ and R_(2′) are both H or when taken together are═O. 2-6. (canceled)
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is O and R₁,R_(1′), R₂ and R_(2′) are all H.
 8. A compound selected from thefollowing:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrugthereof.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound ofFormula 3:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrugthereof, wherein: X is O; R₁ and R_(1′) are both H or when takentogether are ═O; and R₂ and R_(2′) are both H or when taken together are═O. 10-14. (canceled)
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9wherein X is O and R₁, R_(1′), R₂ and R_(2′) are all H.
 16. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein the compound of Formula 3is stereomerically pure.
 17. A method of treating or preventing adisease or condition which is affected by the modulation of one or morecentral benzodiazepine sites in a patient which comprises administeringto a patient in need of such treatment or prevention a therapeuticallyor prophylactically effective amount of a compound of Formula 3:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrugthereof, wherein: X is O; R₁ and R_(1′) are both H or when takentogether are ═O; and R₂ and R_(2′) are both H or when taken together are═O.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the disease or condition isanxiety, an affective disorder, a convulsive disorder, spasticity oracute muscle spasm, a behavioral disorder, or alcohol or drug addiction.19. The method of claim 18 wherein the affective disorder is depression,attention deficit disorder, attention deficit disorder withhyperactivity, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
 20. Themethod of claim 18 wherein the convulsive disorder is epilepsy.
 21. Themethod of claim 18 wherein the behavioral disorder is mood anxiety orschizophrenia.
 22. A method of treating or preventing drug withdrawal,alcohol withdrawal, symptoms of drug withdrawal, or symptoms of alcoholwithdrawal in a patient which comprises administering to a patient inneed of such treatment a therapeutically or prophylactically effectiveamount of a compound of Formula 3:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrugthereof, wherein: X is O; R₁ and R_(1′) are both H or when takentogether are ═O; and R₂ and R_(2′) are both H or when taken together are═O.
 23. The method of claim 17 or wherein the compound of Formula 3 isstereomerically pure.
 24. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound ofFormula 3 is stereomerically pure.